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Microsoft can provide a report to help explain the situation to the reseller. If you plan to use this option, visit the following Web site to try validation:. Next, follow the instructions for returning to your reseller to receive Genuine Windows XP software. Microsoft will send a complimentary copy of Windows XP to customers who have been sold a high-quality counterfeit version of Windows XP.

You must submit proof of purchase, the counterfeit CD, and a counterfeit report that includes details about the purchase. To obtain more information about the Complimentary WGA Kit and to apply, visit the following Web site to try to validate the software, and then select See all options. With this option, a new product key will be e-mailed to you after payment is confirmed. When you use the kit, you may have to reinstall the operating system.

To purchase the WGA legalization kit, visit the following Web site to validate your software, and then select Buy Now after validation is unsuccessful:. If you are confident that you are using Genuine Windows software and that you need more help, visit one of the following Web sites to contact WGA Technical Support:. First, verify that your software was installed by using the correct product key. If an incorrect product key may have been used, try to update the product key, and then try to validate again.

To update the product key, try to validate the software by visiting the following Web site:. After validation is unsuccessful, follow the instructions to update your product key and validate again. Each of these certificate containers has physical sub-containers. These sub-containers maintain certificates according to their origin. A user may have added certificates to his or her profile.

The user may have downloaded certificates from Active Directory. The number of certificates per store is limited by the total registry size and performance. Larger amounts of certificates within a store can result in performance problems because all certificates within the store are decoded into memory when the certificate store is opened. Note Microsoft has tested stores with certificates with no performance problems.

When CryptoAPI needs to discover a certificate, it can use any store where the current security context has read permissions. In addition to the default stores, the certificate chaining engine can be configured to use different stores. While the Trusted Root Certification Authorities store is the only store that can contain trusted root certificates, an application can use other stores, such as restricted root, restricted trust, restricted other, and additional stores to further restrict the set of root certificates considered trusted.

Also, an application can create its own store for certificate storage or even call additional revocation providers registered with CryptoAPI. In addition to which certificate stores are searched during a chain validation call, the certificate chaining engine can also be configured with the following parameters programmatically. Certificate management tools distinguish between the physical structure of certificate stores and their logical abstraction. The logical abstraction, which simplifies the physical structure, was implemented to group certificates by function or purpose and provided a simpler way to understand certificate stores.

Unfortunately, today, different certificate tools exist to maintain certificate stores. Users may prefer one tool over the other to maintain their certificates. The following list briefly explains the tools and their capabilities. Note It is not recommended to modify or manage the contents of a certificate store by using the Registry Editor regedt If certificates are written to certificate stores, the physical structure is more important than the logical structure.

The system expects certificates at predefined physical locations. Even if a certificate seems to be at the right logical position, it might not be at the right physical location.

Since the logical view forms a union of both stores, the users might not recognize the actual physical location of a certificate. Each certificate store can physically have a number of subcontainers. The Certificates console knows the following physical store names. The stores are invisible by default and show up only if the physical certificate store view has been turned on. Generally, it is recommended to know the physical structure of certificate stores because it enables the administrator to maintain certificates at the right physical location.

Different tools use different names for the same certificate store. Table 2 shows the names that are used by these tools. Note If you are importing a certificate along with a private key a. If it is an end-entity certificate for which you do not have a private key, it will go in the Other People store. If it is a CA certificate and not a root self-signed , it will go to the Intermediate Certification Authorities store. If it is a self-signed certificate, it will go to the Trusted Root store.

In all cases, a user can change the described default behavior by designating a specific store when running the Certificate Import wizard. A certificate store is a location where related certificates are stored. The root store is the certificate store used to establish trust when certificates are validated. Microsoft ships a set of root certificates built into the root store from commercial CA's like Verisign and Thawte.

There are over such built-in root certificates. Under this management model, the customer accepts the default choice of root certificates provided by Microsoft. For Windows and earlier versions, a patch is available for download from the Windows Update Web site.

Customers can choose to customize the list of trusted root certificates trusted on a single machine. On a single machine, the root certificates can be added to either the local machine store or to the current user store. If Administrators want to customize the list of root certificates trusted by machines in their domains, they can distribute additional root certificates through Group Policy objects that are linked to domains or organizational units OUs.

When trusted root certificates are defined in a GPO, they are defined in the Computer Configuration container shown in Figure 3. In addition to defining which root authorities are trusted in the domain or OU where the GPO is linked, you can also define whether the plus commercial CAs that ship in the box are trusted by computers where the GPO is applied.

To prevent trust of the third-party root CAs, ensure that "Client computers can trust the following certificate stores" option is set to "Enterprise Root Certification Authorities" as shown in Figure 4.

If Administrators want to customize the list of root certificates trusted by all machines in their forest, it is recommended to publish the root certificates in Active Directory in the Enterprise Trust Store, When a root certificate is published in Active Directory by using the Certutil. Note The actual command used to publish the root certificate in Active Directory is.

Windows , Windows XP, and Windows Server domain member computers will automatically download these certificates using the built-in autoenrollment service. A CA that is included in the NTAuth store is considered trusted for issuing authentication certificates. This provides a form of mutual authentication between the user and the domain controller, ensuring that the certificates were issued by a trusted source.

A CRL is a file, created and signed by a CA, which contains serial numbers of certificates that have been issued by that CA and are revoked. In addition to the serial number for the revoked certificates, the CRL also contains the revocation reason for each certificate and the time the certificate was revoked. Base CRLs keep a complete list of revoked certificates while delta CRLs maintain only those certificates that have been revoked since the last publication of a base CRL.

These alternative revocation providers are possible because CAPI is built on a pluggable revocation provider model. It is known as the NextPublish extension. The Windows Server CA does not implement this extension, but has limited support on Windows clients with MS installed, Windows XP clients, and Windows Server clients when performing chain validation. If the IssuingDistributionPoint extension is marked as a critical extension, validation of a certificate chain with the IDP extension will fail.

If the IssuingDistributionPoint is marked as a non-critical extension, the contents of the IssuingDistributionPoint are ignored. You would have to write code to add it to the request, write a custom policy module, or use certutil —setextension on a pending request. The process of revocation invalidates a certificate before its end validity date using one of the CRL reason codes. Note Windows does not support partitioning CRLs by reason code as either a server or a client. When a certificate is revoked, it is possible for a certificate issuer to specify why the action was taken.

This is done by specifying a revocation reason; these reasons are defined by RFC and include the following:. Windows computers with the MS patch applied, Windows XP, and Windows Server support both binary and base64—encoded formats. Thus, certificate revocation verification is not performed for expired certificates.

If a CA publishes a complete base CRL frequently, clients are quickly aware of a newly revoked certificate. However, this can cause higher amounts of network traffic due to the more frequent downloading of the updated CRL to all clients.

If a CA publishes CRLs less often, this reduces the amount of network traffic, but increases the latency before a client is aware of a newly revoked certificate. Remember that clients cache CRLs locally until they are expired. Because of their assumed smaller size, delta CRLs can be published at shorter intervals than base CRLs to increase the confidence in the certificates being validated without the resource burden of frequent base CRL publication.

Note Although delta CRLs can be published at shorter intervals, you must consider network latency when determining the delta CRL publication schedule. For example, if it takes eight hours for changes in the Configuration naming context of Active Directory to fully replicate to all domain controllers, and you plan to include CDP URLs that reference Active Directory, you cannot publish delta CRLs more frequently than every eight hours.

At time t 1 , the certificate Cert5 is revoked. At time t 3 , the certificate Cert7 is revoked. The delta CRL process is very similar to a differential backup strategy. As a differential backup will include all files that have changed since the last full backup, a delta CRL contains all revoked certificates since the last base CRL was issued.

The extensions include:. These changes include:. The API will then make best efforts to meet this policy. If it succeeds, it returns success; if not, it returns an error as appropriate.

If the code encounters information that meets the policy, it can terminate revocation checking at that point. For example, if the policy asks for CRL information to be considered valid for eight hours and the code finds a base CRL that was published six hours ago, there is no need to check for delta CRLs.

If a successful match is made on a single name form, the CRL will be considered as valid for the certificate being validated. However, applications must make the decision whether to demand a revocation check on a certificate. Some applications, such as smart card logon on domain controllers, always enforce the revocation check and will reject a logon event if the revocation check cannot be performed or fails. The Cross-Certification Distribution Point extension identifies where cross-certificates related to a particular certificate can be obtained and how often that location is updated.

The Windows XP and later operating systems use this extension for the discovery of cross-certificates that may be used during the patch discovery and chain-building process. The entries are cached in memory on a per process basis. The chain engine does not purge its memory cache until the object expires and there is no way to force the chain to flush its memory cache except to restart the host process.

This may require an application to be restarted before the application will determine that a locally cached CRL no longer exists and must be fetched from the CDP location in the certificate. The Windows operating system does not support manual or programmatic flushing of the CRL cache. The benefit of caching CRLs locally is that CryptoAPI will always look for a cached copy first to avoid traversing the network, generating additional download traffic, and introducing latency in the revocation status checking.

Therefore, if a revocation has occurred on a CA and a new CRL is published, the client may not download the updated CRL due to having a time valid locally cached copy. Its behavior cannot be modified or turned off. During certificate status checking, valid certificates and CRLs cached in memory are always preferred before a certificate store search is performed.

The cache location varies depending on the source where a certificate or a CRL was retrieved. A certificate or a CRL can exist in one or several of the following locations. Cross-certification is the process of cross-certifying CA hierarchies using basic constraints, name constraints, issuance policies, and application policies to limit which certificates are accepted from partner CA hierarchies or a secondary hierarchy within the same organization.

Cross-certification also provides methods for compartmentalizing and controlling certificate issuance within an organization according to policy guidelines. When cross-certification is implemented, not all client computers will recognize the certificate chains formed by the CA.

Prior versions of Microsoft operating systems will not build chains using CrossCA certificates. When you renew a CA certificate, the certificate name and CRL name may change based on the type of renewal that you perform as follows:. In this naming scheme, the variables represent:. For example, if the DNS name of the computer is ca. Note The initial name of the certificate will suppress the version number of the certificate. In this variable expression, the following variables are used. The table assumes that during the first half of the CA certificate lifetime, the CA certificate is renewed with the same key pair.

When the CA certificate reaches the end of the original CA certificate lifetime, the CA certificate is then renewed with a new key pair.

When you renew a CA certificate with a new key pair, the Windows Server CA also issues two additional certificates. These certificates are Cross-Certification Authority certificates that associate:. Note If a computer trusts both the previous and new versions of the CA certificate, the CryptoAPI will never select a chain that uses these CrossCA certificates, as the default chain will be shorter than any chain assembled that uses this CrossCA certificate.

For more information about chain-building, see the Path Construction and Validation section. The table describes the following timeline. Assuming that the CA is installed on a computer named ca.

This includes every certificate from the leaf certificate presented to the application to the root certificate. When a root certificate—a certificate that contains the same DN for both the Subject and Issuer attributes—is encountered, a revocation check may or may not occur. If the CDP extension is not included, no revocation check is performed. If one of the two, or both, are unavailable, the chaining engine will report that revocation status cannot be determined, and an application may reject the certificate.

Once the validation check is completed, the certificate chaining engine returns the results of the validation check to the calling application. The results will indicate if all certificates in the chain are valid, if the chain terminates at a non-trusted root CA, if any certificates in the chain are not valid, or if the revocation status for any of the certificates in the chain cannot be determined.

Note If any certificate in the chain cannot be validated or is found to be revoked, the entire chain takes on the status of that one certificate. Reseller channel is available through another installation id book and covers topics such, professional is recommended by telephone option of windows xp product key!

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