Fluid dynamics lab manual

For example, either the combined precipitation minus evaporation may be given, or the user may provide separate precipitation and evaporation fields, but there will be an error if precipitation is given but evaporation is not! The forcing sign convention is that all fluxes of momentum, heat, or fresh water are positive into the ocean. The choice of parameterizations is made through C-preprocessor directives in init.

For example, continuity. Most of the options are fairly well documented in init. When a new simulation is started, HIM saves a file with a name like D. In addition, a. From these files a simulation can be resumed with exactly the same results as if it had never been interrupted. In addition, HIM may be directed to save a restart file and stop itself after a given amount of CPU time has been consumed. HIM can be directed to save a wide array of model state variables and diagnostic quantities. Elsewhere in the code are numerous tests to calculate or record diagnostic quantities that are requested by allocating the corresponding space in the diagnostic structure diag.

Output may be either of instantaneous fields, or of time averages. Different files may be saved with different frequencies and starting at different times.

All output, including restart files, is in NetCDF. Previous incarnations of HIM also allowed native binary output, but there was no real justification for retaining that facility. Compatible pre- and postprocessing code that prepares initial condition fields or reproduces diagnostic quantities will be released shortly after the HIM1. The reference to the technical description of all of the numerical algorithms will be provided as they are accessible, although a somewhat dated version is available, and extensive updates are planned.

Certain aspects are described in the following papers in the peer-reviewed literature. The flow velocity is measured by collecting a volume of the fluid V over a time period t. The flow rate is calculated as:. The velocity of flow at any section of the duct with a cross-sectional area of is determined as:. For an incompressible fluid, conservation of mass through the test section should be also satisfied Equation 1a , i.

If needed, the manometer levels can be adjusted by using an air pump to pressurize them. This can be accomplished by attaching the hand pump tube to the air bleed valve, opening the screw, and pumping air into the manometers. Close the screw, after pumping, to retain the pressure in the system. Please visit this link for accessing excel workbook for this experiment.

Record your calculations in the Result Table. Use the template provided to prepare your lab report for this experiment. Your report should include the following:. Skip to content 1. Introduction Energy presents in the form of pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluids with no energy exchange due to viscous dissipation, heat transfer, or shaft work pump or some other device.

Objective The objective of this experiment is to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation when it is applied to a steady flow of water through a tapered duct. Equipment Description The Bernoulli test apparatus consists of a tapered duct venturi , a series of manometers tapped into the venturi to measure the pressure head, and a hypodermic probe that can be traversed along the center of the test section to measure the total head.

Figure 2. The flow rate is calculated as: The velocity of flow at any section of the duct with a cross-sectional area of is determined as: For an incompressible fluid, conservation of mass through the test section should be also satisfied Equation 1a , i. Experimental Procedure Place the apparatus on the hydraulics bench, and ensure that the outflow tube is positioned above the volumetric tank to facilitate timed volume collections.

Level the apparatus base by adjusting its feet. A sprit level is attached to the base for this purpose. For accurate height measurement from the manometers, the apparatus must be horizontal. If the test section needs to be reversed, the total head probe must be retracted before releasing the mounting couplings.

Connect the apparatus inlet to the bench flow supply, close the bench valve and the apparatus flow control valve, and start the pump. Gradually open the bench valve to fill the test section with water. The following steps should be taken to purge air from the pressure tapping points and manometers: Close both the bench valve and the apparatus flow control valve.

Remove the cap from the air valve, connect a small tube from the air valve to the volumetric tank, and open the air bleed screw. Contact Person: Dr M. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

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